论李鸿章早期对日外交：以中日首次订约谈判和处理日本侵台为核心

【外文题名】On Li Hongzhang’s early diplomatic thoughts and practice to Japan：Centered on the talk on treaty with Japan and the settlement of the TaiWan crisis

【作者】 李卫民

【关键词】 论李鸿章早期对日外交：以中日首次订约谈判和处理日本侵台为核心

【导师姓名】叶凤美

【学位名称】硕士

【学位年度】2004

【学位授予单位】中国人民大学

【分类号】K1

【录入时间】2004-01-01

【全文挂接】

【摘要】内，李鸿章的对日外交，有这样明显的变化，很值得关注。 目前学术界对于1871-1874年间李鸿章对日外交的研究，还比较薄弱，其中有的观点也还值得商榷。 可见，在现有成果的基础上，深入研讨李鸿章在中日首次订约谈判和处理台事过程中的外交思想与实践，并努力寻找其中的变化轨迹，搞清李鸿章对日外交的起源：是一项有意义的学术课题。 李鸿章在中日首次订约谈判中，是清政府全权大臣。经过他（还有他的助手）的艰苦努力，确保了谈判协议——《中日修好条规》，成为中国近代史上第一部平等条约。 中日首次订约谈判，本来就是在李鸿章大力推进之下，清政府才同意与前来要求定约的日本使臣谈判的。李鸿章这样做，是因为他已经认识到了日本当时已经开始对中国构成了威胁；而且，此次日使要求订约，也是符合国际惯例的做法。所以，他认为应该主动与日方谈判，在谈判中利用外交手段限制、抵制日本。 李鸿章在中日首次订约谈判中，积极主动，对于日使的无理狡辩和挟洋人以自重的作法，予以坚决的回击。在谈判中，为维护中方的应有的平等地位，李鸿章坚决拒绝日方能够“利益均沾”和“内地通商”。特别是在反驳日使有关“内地通商”的要求时，李鸿章揭露日本自己不向中国开放市场，反而要求来中国内地通商；这种揭露、质问，体现了鲜明的“对等”、“平等”色彩，很值得肯定。另外，为了防范日本向中国、朝鲜扩张，李鸿章在谈判协议中，还特意明确了相关问题。由于李鸿章准备充分、态度强硬、应对得当，迫使日本使臣不得不在多项过分要求被拒后，签署了《中日修好条规》。 由于日本政府对《条规》内容不满，在1873年正式换约前，日使又提出了“改约”要求。这次，李鸿章依然以强硬态度对日。他痛斥日方言而无信、出尔反尔；坚决维护《中日修好条规》的严肃性、稳定性，严辞拒绝了日方的改约要求。面对日使的喋喋不休，李鸿章甚至明确宣布，如果日本使臣还要继续要求改约，那么他将拒绝与之谈判。这种极端强硬、果决的话语，迫使日使屈服；最后，双方正式换约。 此次，从这次谈判的全过程看，李鸿章对日本戒心很重、防范意识很强；而且李鸿章对于“与日本结盟以抗西方”的设想，也不赞同。所以，有些学者认为李鸿章在1870年代初有联日思想，是不正确的。 在中日首次订约谈判的前前后后，李鸿章能够比较清醒地认识日本、比较坚决地防范日本，比较强硬地抵制日本，与日使达成了平等条约《中日修好条规》：其表现是应当予以肯定的。 但是，在中日正式换约后不到一年，日军就入侵台湾。这一严重的突发事件发生后，李鸿章作为订约谈判时的清政府全权大臣、清政府内部战斗力最强的军队—淮军的最高统帅，不可避免地要再次进行对日交涉。 但在台事问题的交涉过程中，李鸿章对日表现出了一种复杂的态度与作法。 首先，他不主张向侵台日军发动主动进攻。他一再叮嘱率军在台与日军对峙的沈葆桢，对日军只可“示以兵威”，而不应该主动进攻。他本人也没有积极对沈葆桢进行军事支援。当侵台日军已经遭到很多困难、战斗力下降，出现了有利于中方的战机时，他仍然主张不能进攻，只能用“兵威”进行威慑。 其次，他积极进行了穿梭外交，频频会见外国驻华使节；想联合各国使节，对日施加外交压力。他先后与美英法等国外交官员会晤，请求他们和中国一道谴责日本。但由于当时西方国家也不是中国的盟国，西方各国不愿干涉；李鸿章的表现又比较软弱，所以他的外交努力没有实效。此外，李鸿章面对又一次来华的日本使臣，也只进行了比较软弱的质问，故而也不可能达到目的。 再次，出于能够威慑、吓阻日本的目的，李鸿章在台事期间，积极呼吁并努力从事于购买西方先进武器，改善中国军队的装备水平；从而可以有效地防御外来入侵。但这种举措，对于台事之解决，不可能有现实的效果。 由于李鸿章在军事进攻上的消极和外交努力上的无效，使得清政府、李鸿章都陷入了困境。奕、文祥、李鸿章等人都开始倾向于以对日本赔款（只是不用“赔款”的名义）来解决台事。最后，在日本大久保利通发出最后通牒后，中方向日本赔款，以换取日本撤军。清政府因此而蒙羞。 总的来看，李鸿章在台事解决期间，就是以这样包含三重内容的复杂态度和作法来对待日本；很明显，其特点是软弱、消极。 客观来看，在台事期间，李鸿章对日本还是进行了抵制的。这也可以看作是他在首次中日订约谈判过程中对日抵制的延续。但是，在台事期间，李鸿章的对日抵制由强硬变为软弱，由主动变为被动，无论如何，因为他在台事期间的软弱表现，让李鸿章自己毁了自己在首次订约谈判中取得的对日政治优势。他这种在并不强大的军事压迫面前，由强硬向软弱变化，表现了一种政治上的实用主义，对他从事的对日外交带来了消极影响。但李鸿章认为他那套包含三重内容的复杂的对日态度与作法，是有效的；并坚持了下去。他的这种作法，后来在改善中国军队（特别是海军）战斗力方面，起了积极作用；但没能积极有效地扼制日本在1870年代和1880年代对琉球、朝鲜的扩张和1890年代对中国的侵略。

【外文摘要】This paper is determined to analyze and assess changes and influence of Li Hongzhang’s early diplomatic thoughts and practice to Japan ,centered on the talk on treaty with Japan in 1871 and the settlement of the Taiwan Crisis in 1874. In the beginning, Li’s attitude to Japan is tough. But in the Taiwan Crisis, Li showed subtle attitude toward Japan. These dramatic changes should be paid more attention. At present, scholars show less concern for Li’s diplomacy to Japan from 1871-1874,and some of their ideas should be further discussed. Therefore, based on current research, the author will probe deeply into Li’s early diplomatic thoughts and practice to Japan from 1871 to1874 and try to seek the cue of the changes in order to make clear the origin of Li’s diplomacy to Japan. In talk on treaty with Japan in 1871 Li Hongzhang is the plenipolentiary of Qing Dynasty. Through great efforts, he ensure the 《Sino-Japanese Amity Treaty of 1871》 the first equal treaty in modern Chinese history. It is though Li’s advocate that Qing Dynasty finally agreed to negotiate with Japan. Because he had realized that Japan became the threat to China and it’s requests for talk with Qing Dynasty was in accordance with the international practice ,he thought that China should initiatively talk with Japan and restrain Japan by using diplomatic means. In the talk on treaty with Japan in 1871,Li Hongzhang actively refuted Japanese envoys’ unreasonable argument and revealed their dependence on the western forces. In order to safeguard Chinese deserved equal position. Li firmly oppose the Japanese envoys ’request about “the sharing benefit” and “trade in inland of China” .when he refute the request about “trade in inland of China”, Li Hong Zhang criticized that Japan didn’t plan to open domestic market for china, while it require their privilege of trade in inland of China. Li’s question reflected his equivalent thoughts .In addition ,Li Hongzhang added some factors to the treaty in order to restrain the Japanese expansion into China and Korea, Because of his fully preparation, tough attitude and effective measures, Li Hongzhang compelled Japanese envoys to sign Sino-Japanese Amity treaty in 1871 although their excessive demand had been refused. Japanese government wasn’t satisfied with《Sino-Japanese Amity Treaty of 1871》,so the Japanese envoys proposed a new plan about revising the treaty before both sides exchange the treaty in 1873.Li Hongzhang also show tough attitude to Japan. He denounced Japanese contradicting itself and safeguard the treaty solemn and stable. Li firmly refused the request of revising the treaty from Japan. He announced clearly that he didn’t propose to talk with Japanese envoys if they would insist on their excessive demand. It is extremely firm and decisive words that make Japanese envoys subservience. At last, both side exchange the treaty. Throughout negotiations, Li Hongzhang had been alert on Japan. In addition, Li Hongzhang didn’t consented the idea that China should ally herself with Japan to defend western forces .So, it is not correct that scholars thought Li Hongzhang Perhaps wanted to make alliance with Japan. Around the talk on treaty with Japan, Li Hongzhang clearly understood Japan and strongly opposed it, So he and Japanese envoys reached an agreement about the equal Sino-Japanese Amity Treaty in 1871.We should recognized what he had done. But, not more than one year late, Japanese army invaded Taiwan. Owing to the serious accident ,as the plenipolentiary of Qing Dynasty in the talk on treaty with Japan and the chief of the Huai Army which was the most strong troops under Qing Government, Li Hongzhang inevitably make representations to Japan once again. But During the Taiwan crisis, Li Hongzhang showed a complicate attitude and approach to Japan. Firstly, He didn’t agree for Qing troop to launch an initiative attack against Japanese invaders, Li exherted Shen Baozhen ,who was defending the Japanese invaders, that he may deter Japanese but should not launch attack against them .Li didn’t provided military aid for Shen Baozhen. When the Japanese invaders were confronted with many difficulties and their fighting capacities had reduced, Li Hongzhang still sticked to his ideas about deterrence. Secondly ,He made active diplomatic effort to urge foreign envoys to exert pressures on Japan. He had talked with diplomat from U.S., France and England to make them condemn Japan. Because China wasn’t the ally of western countries, they would not interfere with the Taiwan Crisis. In addition, being faced with the Japanese envoys Li Hongzhang only questioned them moderately. So he couldn’t achieved his aim. Thirdly, in order to deter Japan, Li Hongzhang advocated and try his best to purchase western advanced weapons and improve the Chinese armament. But the action wasn’t contribute to the settlement of the Taiwan Crisis. Because of passivism in the military attack and inefficiency of the diplomatic work, Qing Government and Li Hongzhang were made in trouble. Yixin,Wenxiang and Li Hongzhang were all inclined to resolve the Taiwan crisis by give Japan indemnity. At last, China indeed did so owing to the fear of Japanese ultinatum .This action humiliated Qing Dynasty. As a whole, Li Hongzhang treated Japan for the complicate attitude and practice that included the triple content ,which were characteristic of the weak and the passive. Objectively, Li Hongzhang resisted Japan in Taiwan Crisis. The resistance can be seen as the extention in the talk on the treaty with Japan .But in the Taiwan Crisis, his resistance was turned from the tongh into the weak, from the active into the passive. In any case, because of his weak behavior, Li Hongzhang faced himself destroyed the Political advantage in 1871. With the moderate military oppression, the changes of his attitade displayed a kind of political pragmatism, which had some negative effect on his diplomacy to Japan. But Li hongzhang himself kept the weak and complicate attitude and practice to Japan. Later, his action improved Chinese military might; but he didn’t positively curb Japanese expansion into and Korea in 1870s-1880s and the invasion of China in 1890s.