甲午战前十年李鸿章对日观及其外交研究

【外文题名】The Study of Li Hong-zhang’s Perception and Diplomacy Proposition to Japan (1885-1894)

【作者】 孙鸣凤

【关键词】 李鸿章 对日观 外交

【外文关键词】 Li Hong zhang The Perception to Japan Diplomacy

【导师姓名】潘向明

【学位名称】硕士

【学位年度】2012

【学位授予单位】人民大学

【分类号】K50

【录入时间】2012-01-01

【全文挂接】

【摘要】和结语三部分内容。 在绪论中，通过对有关研究成果的回顾和梳理，说明本文的研究缘起。 第一章主要梳理和论述1885年之前李鸿章对日观，作为此后李鸿章对日观发展变化的前提和基础，为后文研究提供一个铺垫。随着中日两国交往的增多，李鸿章的对日认识也不断丰富和深入，大致而言，1885年之前李鸿章对日观包含有联日、防日两个方面，且以防日为主。 第二章以1885年天津谈判为考察对象，从谈判开始前的情报收集、谈判过程中的联日秘约实践、谈判结束后对伊藤初步印象三个方面，说明此次谈判是李鸿章对日观的重要转折点，由极为警惕日本威胁、将日本作为主要防御目标，转为谋求秘约联日，认为日本为远患、非近忧，对日本的警惕性逐渐丧失。 第三章从李鸿章与伊藤博文私人交谊、李鸿章的对日交涉两个方面，展开对乙酉至甲午年间李鸿章对日观的论述。首先，以李鸿章和伊藤博文的往来信函为线索，揭示李氏对日观中的感情部分，接着，还原李鸿章这一时期的对日外交实践，即成功挫败日本修约的不良企图、和平解决长崎事件以及顺利化解朝日防谷令赔偿纠纷，并着重分析李鸿章与伊藤博文的私人交谊，即本文所谓伊藤博文因素，对李氏对日观及外交实践的影响。 第四章主要探讨朝鲜半岛国际形势对李鸿章对日观的影响。1885-1894年间，朝鲜半岛局势更加复杂：两次朝俄密约风波和巨文岛事件接连发生，使得俄国因素凸显；日本则调整了其对朝鲜策略，在政治上以退为进，在经济上加大对朝鲜的经济渗透与掠夺。在此背景之下，李鸿章形成了对朝鲜局势的错误判断，错将俄国锁定为朝鲜的最大隐患，而放松了对日本的应有警惕，使日本在朝鲜增强经济政治渗透、在本土扩充军备的可能性增大。 在结语中，概要分析甲午战前十年间李鸿章对日观的认知环境和影响因素，梳理李鸿章对日观的具体内容和发展演变，说明李鸿章对日观的局限和不足，导致其外交实践和国防决策的失误，以致有甲午惨败的结局。

【外文摘要】This thesis is a thorough study of Li Hong-zhang’s perception and diplomacy proposition to Japan from 1885 to 1894. With “The Complete Works of Li Hong-zhang”, it describes the rich and correct content, discusses the affecting factors and explores the transformation of this perception. Eventually, there is an objective comment revealing the losses of Li Hong-zhang’s perception to Japan during this period, endeavoring to give a further interpretation of China’s smashing defeat in the Sino-Japanese war in 1894 and provide valuable enlightenment and reference for appropriately handling international issues in Sino-Japanese relations. The full thesis can be divided into three parts: preface, a four-chapter text and conclusion. The preface reviews and sorts out the related research results in order to make clear the motive of the study. Chapter one is Li Hong-zhang’s perception to Japan before 1885, which is the foundation of the latter transformation of his perception, properly providing a cushion for the followed research. Along with the increasing contacts between China and Japan, Li Hong-zhang’s perception to Japan was continuously enriched and deepened. Generally speaking, his perception at this phase includes two aspects: one is to form an alliance with Japan, the other one, which is the main part, is to defense against Japan with hostility. Chapter two expounds the Sino-Japanese Tianjin negotiation in 1885, covering the condition of the intelligence collections before the negotiation, the efforts to conclude a treaty of alliance during the process of the negotiation, and the first impression of Ito Hirobumi after this negotiation. According to the above exposition, we can find out that the Sino-Japanese Tianjin negotiation in 1885 is an important turning point of Li Hong-zhang’s perception to Japan. After the signing of Sino-Japanese Tianjin Treaty, his perception to Japan changed from the old image of Japan as the hostile country that the major target to make active defense, to the new image of Japan as hidden danger rather than troubles near at hand that should be allied with by means of treaties. Consequently, Li Hong-zhang relaxed his vigilance to Japan. Chapter three discusses Li Hong-zhang’s perception from the correspondences between Li Hong-zhang and Ito Hirobumi and Li Hong-zhang’s diplomatic practices. Combing the regular correspondences kept up by Li Hong-zhang and Ito Hirobumi, the emotional part of Li Hong-zhang’s perception to Japan is vividly demonstrated. Then, through the descriptions about how Li Hong-zhang frustrated plots of Japan during amending The Treaty of Sino-Japanese Amity signed in 1871, peacefully settled the conflicts in Nagasaki affair, and smoothly mediated the dispute between Japan and Korea on orders forbidding export of grain in 1889, his perception formed during diplomatic practices with Japan are clearly showed. Besides, the thesis also places emphasis on the analysis of the negative influence of Li Hong-zhang’s private companionship with Ito Hirobumi, called the factor of Ito Hirobumi in this thesis, on his perception to Japan and his diplomatic practices. Chapter four concentrates on Li Hong-zhang’s perception to Japan influenced by the international situation in Korean Peninsula. The international situation on Korean Peninsula became more and more intricate from 1885 to 1894. The successive occurrence of the twice secret agreement of Russian and Korea and the Port Hamilton affair made the factor of Russia standing out. Meanwhile, Japan adjusted its strategies on Korea, on one hand it carried out appeasement policy politically, on the other hand it speeded up its economic infiltration and aggression on Korea. On the basis of this background, Li hong-zhang gradually formed misjudgment on the situation, insisted on the view that Russia was the biggest danger to Korea, and thus lowered the deserved guard against Japan, indulging the infiltration on Korea and the arms expansion and war preparations in Japan. The conclusion briefly generalizes the cognitive environment and affecting factors of Li Hong-zhang’s perception to Japan, reveals its correct content and transformation, and sums up the losses of Li Hong-zhang’s perception to Japan during this period. Misplacements and misunderstandings in Li Hong-zhang’s perception to Japan during 1885-1894 result in serious mistakes both in diplomacy and national defense policy, causing China’s smashing defeat in the Sino-Japanese war in 1894.