李鸿章对越南问题的认识与策略研究（1881-1886）

【外文题名】A Study on Li Hong-chang’s Awareness and Policy of Vietnam Issue (1881-1886)

【作者】 王志强

【关键词】 李鸿章 越南问题 中越关系 法国 宗藩关系

【外文关键词】 Li Hong chang Vietnam Issue Sino vietnamnese Relationship France Tributary System

【导师姓名】权赫秀

【学位名称】博士

【学位年度】2011

【学位授予单位】东北师范大学

【分类号】K256

【录入时间】2011-01-01

【全文挂接】

【摘要】鸿章与越南问题这一新的视角,通过其对越南问题的认识与策略及其外交实践,分析其在处理越南问题过程中的角色问题,进而对中越宗藩关系的终结问题提出新的解释,使该研究能对李鸿章及此一时期中越关系史乃至晚清外交史的研究有所裨益。本研究的主要内容,加上前言和结论共有七个部分。前言主要介绍了问题的提出、国内外研究现状、研究意义、创新与不足、基本文献及相关概念界定等问题。第一章论述了越南问题的缘起与清政府的早期应对。中越宗藩关系因法国殖民势力介入越南事务受到冲击,随着法国越南政策的逐渐强硬,越南问题引起清政府的重视,并成为中法交涉的焦点问题。第二章论述了李鸿章对越南问题的早期介入与认识。李鸿章从1881年底受清政府之命开始介入并主导越南问题,随即授命其掌控的轮船招商局借在越南运粮之便秘密探测越南现地实情及法国军情。依据从轮船招商局探测的信息,李鸿章对越南当局首鼠两端的行为有所认识,并对越南的军事实力及刘永福等方面有所了解,越南并不乐观的现状为李鸿章在越南问题上的消极应对埋下隐患。第三章论述了李鸿章与越南政府联合解决越南问题的努力与失败。本章主要围绕1883年越南遣使事件展开论述。李鸿章在此次遣使事件中起到重要作用。首先,遣使前,通过与越南的秘密接触,李鸿章对越南欲借世界公论来摆脱其国家困境的诉求有所了解并给予一定程度的肯定;其次,因李宝谈判的需要,在李鸿章的变通下,遣使事件成为李鸿章与越南政府通过外交途径联合抗法的一次尝试;再次,外交努力失败后,李鸿章采取了“固防观变”的军事策略,越南遣使请求清朝军事援助的计划落空,越都顺化的沦陷使越南沦为法国的保护国,基本宣告了此次遣使的失败。这一事件揭示了中法战争前夕中越宗藩关系新的变化,从而表明中越宗藩关系的终结并不仅仅有赖于法国侵略势力的外来冲击,同时也有来自宗藩关系内部中心与周边亦即中越双方的内在需求与动因。而该事件的失败则宣告了中越宗藩关系事实上的终结。第四章论述了李鸿章在中法战争前后与法国有关越南问题的交涉。1883年越南遣使事件失败后,越南沦为法国的保护国,中越关系为中法关系所取代。此后,李鸿章有关越南问题的处理主要体现在李鸿章与脱利古、福禄诺、巴德诺及戈可当等法国使节的外交交涉上。通过对李鸿章与法国使节有关越南问题的交涉的史实的重新检视,可以得出如下三点认识:一是李鸿章在越南问题上虽然主张中国放弃对越南的宗主权,但在同法国使节交涉与谈判的过程中,越南的宗主权问题无疑是谈判的重点与难点;二是李鸿章在处理越南问题过程中的角色与地位有变化;三是中越宗藩关系的终结具有长期性。第五章论述了李鸿章处理越南问题过程中的影响因素。主要从朝鲜、驻外公使与清流等三个具有代表性的且学界关注较少的问题展开论述的。结论主要有三点:一是依据前文总结李鸿章对越南问题的认识与策略选择;二是李鸿章在处理越南问题过程中的角色定位:决策者职权不足,执行者分量过重;三是对中越宗藩关系终结的双重解读,即从事实和法律两个方面进行解读。

【外文摘要】This paper mainly discusses several historical details in the relations of China-France-Vietnam from 1881 to 1886, which is so far not focused on the academia. Li Hong-chang’s awareness and policy is the center of this research paper, and the historical evolution of Vietnam is the clue of it. This thesis mainly uses the historical confirmation method and interdisciplinary knowledge, such as politics in international theory, decision Science and international law theory. In addition to this, mangy selected materials of English, France and Japanese are used in it. Through selecting the new perspective of Li Hong-chang and Vietnam, this thesis analyzes Li Hong-chang’s awareness and practice, and also redefines the role of him in the process of dealing with Vietnam. The innovation of this paper is proposing a new explication of the end of Vietnam tributary system. Finally, I hope it is useful in the researching of Li hong-chang and Qing dynasty diplomatic history.The preface of this paper mainly introduces the following parts, that is, the basis of this topic, the research significance, the research status and also some related concepts.Chapter I discusses the causes of Vietnam and the response of the Qing Dynasty. Sino-Vietnam tributary system was attacked by the intervention of French colonial forces. As French tough policy on Vietnam, Qing government began to pay it attention.Vietnam gradually became the focal point in Sino-French negotiations.Chapter II mainly introduces Li Hong-chang’s early awareness and participation in Vietnamese affairs. Li Hong-chang had been appointed by Qing government to inquire into Vietnam since 1881. From then on, he ordered his subordinate steamship companies by means of their business to secretly detect Vietnamese domestic situation and French military at there. Based on that information, Li Hong-chang had recognized the hesitant attitude of the authority and he also had gotten the information about Vietnamese military and Liu Yongfu. The situation of Vietnam in that period had been considered to be not optimistic so as to Li Hong-chang’s negative responses in Vietnam affairs.Chapter III analyzes Li Hong-chang’s trial and error in the intervention of Vietnam. This part of discussion is about Vietnamese emissary events in 1883. Li Hong-chang played an important role in event of Vietnam sending envoys to Qing in 1883. First, before the event, through secret contact between China and Vietnam, Li Hong-chang agreed with the strategy that Vietnam’s emperor hoped to get rid of the diplomatic difficulties by word public opinion. Second, because of negotiations between Li Hong-chang and Bourée, under Li Hong-chang’s mediation, and the event became a try of policy adjustment that came from Li Hong-chang and Vietnam’s emperor Side to against French aggression. Third, after diplomatic effort failed, Li Hong-chang adopted passive military strategy. Thus the plan of requesting military assistance from Qing Dynasty failed. And the fall of the Vietnam’s capital announced eventual failure of this event. This event reveals the new changes of Suzerain-vassal relationship between China and Vietnam, so that the end of Suzerain-vassal relationship between China and Vietnam was not only from the French invading forces, but also from inner and outer motivations. The failure of this event declared in fact the end of Suzerain-vassal relationship between China and Vietnam.Chapter IV introduces Li Hong-chang’s treatments in Vietnam affairs happened before and after Sino-French War. At that time, Li Hong-chang dealt with Vietnam affairs through the diplomatic negotiations with French envoys, such as Tricou, Fournier, Patenotre and Cogordan ect. By re-examining the negotiations which presided or participated by Li Hong-chang, the following conclusions could be obtained. First of all, although his avocation was giving up the suzerainty, it was still the focus in the Sino-France negotiations .Second, the role and the status of Li Hong-chang had changed in the process of dealing with Vietnam. Third, the end of Vietnam tributary system was a process with a period of time.Chapter V discusses influence factors in the process of Li Hong-chang in dealing with Vietnam issue. It is includes three main factors. Such as Korea, minister and Qing-liu, etc.The conclusion includes three main points. First, it summaries Li Hong-chang’s understanding and strategic choices in dealing with Vietnam. Second, it analyzes the role of Li Hong-chang. Under Qing government official system, as a diploma, his power in dealing with foreign affairs was actually beyond his position. Third, it suggests that the end of tributary system of Vietnam should be interpreted both from the facts and the law.