从儒家“中和”思想看晚清外交中的和战交锋：以李鸿章、张之洞为典型的考察

【外文题名】To Probe into the Struggle between "Dove" and "Hawk" Diplomatic Strategy from the Perspective of "Neutrality" Thought of Confucianism

【作者】 曹波

【关键词】 儒家思想 晚清外交 和战交锋 李鸿章 张之洞

【外文关键词】 Confucianism Late Qing Dynasty Neutrality Li Hongzhang Zhang Zhidong

【导师姓名】喻大华

【学位名称】硕士

【学位年度】2011

【学位授予单位】辽宁师范大学

【分类号】D829

【录入时间】2011-01-01

【全文挂接】

【摘要】洞为代表,它的本质是以武力维权,最大程度上维护晚清政府的主权和尊严。这两种策略的提出及运用都是受到了儒家思想的深远影响。在晚清和战外交策略的具体实施过程中,李鸿章与张之洞两位晚清外交的重要大臣表现的尤为突出,终因在当时国内外的严峻形势下,晚清外交策略选择了以和为主,以战为辅的特殊形式。但“和”并没有给晚清政府带来和平稳定的外交局面,以及平等的对话权；而“战”也并没有为其获得应有的权益,使晚清政府发展强大起来。然而和战策略的运用,彼此相辅相成,让晚清政府在当时的局势下得以生存下来,并取得了一定程度上的外交成绩。它的提出也是在当时特定的外交环境下晚清政府综合考虑的结果,是半封建半殖民地的社会性质在外交活动上的体现,也使得晚清外交最终形成了爱国与误国并存的外交事实。总而言之,晚清外交并没有取得最终的胜利,从此之后逐渐走向消极的发展方向。从晚清和战外交策略的制定上来说,儒家“中和”的思想是其产生的主观条件,但从这一外交策略的具体实施来看,却又是对于儒家思想的真正偏离,并没有达到儒家思想中所要求的外交状态:共享利益,在平等的基础上和谐发展。究其因为是晚清政府本身的性质和孱弱的综合国力所致,晚清外交策略所要求协和万邦的理想状态并没有达到,但却使其在复杂多变的环境下艰难的生存下来。通过儒家思想对晚清外交的研究分析,我们不难看出,晚清外交策略以和为主,辅之以战,两者相互结合又相互补充,最终形成了其特殊的局面,以致于使晚清政府沦为了西方列强的附庸而没有真正意义上的强大起来。晚清外交的根本目的没有达到,从此以后晚清外交走向了消极的低谷。

【外文摘要】As the essential part of Confucianism and one of the significant philosophy scopes in the culture of Confucianism, the thought of“neutrality”, whose connotation mainly is embodied in“mediocre”and“conformity”as well as adopting manners as the standard for the thought of“neutrality”. The kind of thought was applied to the two diplomatic strategies, i.e.“dove”and”hawk”strategies in the foreign affairs in late Qing Dynasty. The application of“dove”strategy was represented by Li Hongzhang , whose essence was to maintain drawn game and didn’t resort to war while the application of“hawk”strategy was represented by Zhang Zhidong, whose essence was to maintain the rights by force and preserve the sovereignty and respect of late Qing government to the greatest extent. The proposal and application of the two strategies were both influenced deeply by Confucianism. In the concrete implementation of the diplomatic“dove”and“hawk”strategies in late Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong, two major ministers engaged in diplomacy of late Qing Dynasty, had particularly excellent performance. Finally, considering the severe situation at home and abroad, the diplomatic strategies chose“dove”strategy as the principle strategy and“hawk”the minor one. However, the“dove”strategy failed to bring peaceful and stable diplomatic situation to late Qing government and equal rights while the‘hawk’strategy failed to obtain the deserved rights to strengthen the late Qing government either. However, the application of“dove”and“hawk”strategy supplemented each other to make the late Qing government survive in the situation at that time and made diplomatic achievement to some extent. The proposal of the strategy was also the result after the late Qing government comprehensively thought in the specified diplomatic environment then and the reflection of semi-feudal and semi-colonial social nature in diplomatic affairs, which formed the diplomatic fact that patriotism and hindrance for the country coexisted. Generally speaking, the diplomacy of late Qing Dynasty failed to achieved victory eventually and went toward to negative development direction, From the formulation of late Qing“dove”and“hawk”diplomatic strategy, the“neutrality”thought of Confucianism was the subjective condition for its generation; however, from the concrete implementation of the diplomatic strategies, it was yet a deviation from the Confucianism and failed to attain the diplomatic condition required by the Confucianism, i.e. share the interests and develop harmoniously on basis of equality. It was caused by the nature of late Qing government and weak comprehensive national power. The diplomatic strategy of late Qing Dynasty failed to achieve an ideal situation of a harmonious world but it made the Qing Dynasty survive in the complicated environment. By research and analysis of Confucianism on the diplomacy of Qing Dynasty, we could figure out without difficulty that the diplomatic strategy of late Qing Dynasty took“dove”strategy as the principal one while“hawk”as the minor. Both integrated and supplemented each other and formed such a special situation eventually that the late Qing government became the vassal of the western powers and failed to be powerful in the real sense. Late Qing didn’t reach the fundamental objective of diplomacy and went towards negative low ebb from then on.