近代中日技术引进与发展比较研究

【作者】 文涛

【关键词】 洋务运动 明治维新 科学体制化 技术教育

【外文关键词】 Westernization Movement the Meiji Restoration scientific institutions technology education

【导师姓名】黄秦安

【学位名称】硕士

【学位年度】2011

【学位授予单位】陕西师范大学

【分类号】N091

【录入时间】2011-01-01

【全文挂接】

【摘要】不同的是日本利用西方先进的技术,很快地走上近代化的道路,二十世纪初已经跻身于西方发达国家之列。而与之相对应的中国同样是对西方先进技术的引进发展,却没能走上近代化道路进而论为半殖民半封建的社会境况。对于出现两种截然相反结果的原因,一个半世纪以来,中外的学者们主要从中日近代的政治,经济,文化方面进行了广泛的探讨,得出了一些普遍共识的结论,但从技术角度探讨的相对较少。研究的时间从科技史的视角确定为1840年至1911年,并以中日近代技术引进与发展为比较为对象,应用科学技术体制化建设的理论,运用定量研究与定性研究相结合的研究方法,系统的对中日近代的技术做一比较,撇开技术发展的政治、文化因素,从技术自身发展的角度找出中国近代技术落后于日本的根本原因,纠正以往人们对于中日近代技术的一些错误看法,探讨中国近代没能走上近代化道路的原因,具体拟解决以下问题：中日近代技术观有何异同?中日近代在具体的技术领域谁强谁弱,人们一般以“中日甲午战争”中国失败为标志,进而推演中国近代技术从引进到发展各个方面都不如日本,尤其是军事技术,这是中日“甲午战争”中国战败的主要客观原因,这种观点是否正确?中日两国在近代科学体制化建设方面有哪些差异?为什么日本顺利的完成了近代科学体制化建设而中国没有?通过近代中日技术引进与发展的比较对落后国家现代化建设有何启示?针对以上问题,系统考察了中日两国近代各时期技术观,阐明了“中学为体,西学为用”与“和魂洋才”两种技术观内涵的差异。论述了近代中日两国在基础工业技术领域与军事工业技术领域的技术引进与发展概况。并从技术引进规模上、两国政府对相关领域的支持程度、技术引进的侧重与主导产业的选择几方面对比探讨了中日两国的差异,分析了中国落伍的原因。此外以中日甲午战争为史实,客观地对比了中日近代军事技术,重申在甲午战争以前中国在军事上强于同时期日本的客观史实。着重阐述了中日两国近代科技体制化建设方面的概况,对比了两国在技术教育、留学生与外籍人员的雇佣管理、科学研究体制化领域的差异。强调了日本近代技术的成就是在政府的全力支持下以技术教育为载体,全面建设科技体制化基础上成长孕育而成的成功经验。以此得出人文社科研究领域的学者们长期忽视的结论：从科学技术自身角度分析,中国近代科技落伍于日本的一个根本原因是中国科技体制化建设的全面滞后。最后,结合两国技术引进的史实,重申了发展现代技术教育、重视科技体制化建设对于落后国家实现现代化的必要性和紧迫性。

【外文摘要】For the modernization of China and Japan comparative study, the academic community has a lot of. China and Japan each other adjacent to the geographical environment, the Western powers in the nineteenth century, before knocking off the two countries have implemented a century of "closed door" policy, under pressure from Western powers, carried out almost simultaneously in both the introduction of advanced Western technology with the appropriate political, economic and cultural system reform. China conducted the "Westernization Movement" Japan the "Meiji Restoration." The difference is that Japan’s use of advanced Western technology, quickly took to the road of modernization, the early twentieth century has been among the Western developed countries. The corresponding Western China is also the introduction of advanced technology development, and failed to embark on the path of modernization and then reduced to semi-colonial semi-feudal social situation. The results for the existence of two diametrically opposite reasons, a half-century, mainly from Chinese and foreign scholars on modern political, economic, and cultural aspects of a wide range of discussion, reached consensus on some general conclusions, but from a technical point of view of The relatively small.From the perspective of the history of science, the study determined the time frame 1840-1911, the introduction of modern technology in Japan compared with the development of targeted, applied science and technology system construction theory, the use of quantitative and qualitative research to combine research methods, the system of modern technology in Japan to make a comparison, technology aside, the political, cultural factors, from a technical point of view of their own development of Chinese modern technology to identify the root causes behind Japan, China and Japan to correct people in the past for modern times technology, some errors view of modern China did not go because the road of modernization, specifically intended to address the following issues:the similarities and differences between Japanese concept of modern technology? Modern Japan in specific technical areas of the stronger, it is generally the "Sino-Japanese War," China’s failure to sign, and then deduce from the introduction of modern technology to China in all aspects of development not as good as the Japanese, especially military technology, which is the Day "Sino" China defeat the main objective reasons, this view correct? China and Japan in the modern scientific system of building what are the differences? Why did Japan successfully completed the construction of modern science system and China not? Through the introduction of modern technology and development at the comparison of what inspiration behind the modernization of the state?This article examines this system, China and Japan during the modern technology of the concept, to clarify the "School for the body, Western learning for use" and "Soul and Foreign and the" Views of the differences between the two technologies. Modern China and Japan discussed the basis of industrial technology in the field of industrial technology and military technology introduction and development of profiles. Scale from the introduction of technology, the two governments on the level of support in related fields, focusing on technology and the introduction of several aspects of leading industry comparison of the differences between China and Japan, analyzing the reasons behind the times in China. In addition to Sino-Japanese War as a historical and objective comparison of modern military technology in Japan, reiterated in China before the Sino strong military objective at the same time the historical facts of Japan. Then, the paper focuses on the system of modern science and technology between China and Japan overview of construction, compared to the two countries in technical education, students and the employment of foreign personnel management, scientific research, the area of institutional differences. Highlighted the achievements of modern technology in Japan is in full support of the Government to technical education as a carrier of building science and technology system are formed on the basis of the growth. And drawn from the field in Social Science scholars have long ignored the conclusion:from a scientific point of view of technology itself, falling behind in science and technology in modern China as a root cause of Japan Science and Technology System in China lags behind the overall construction. Finally, the introduction of this technology combined with the historical facts of the two countries, reiterated the development of modern technical education, emphasis on science and technology system of the building for the modernization of the backward countries the necessity and urgency.