盛宣怀近代化思想与官督商办模式研究：对洋务运动的一种重新评价

【外文题名】The Thoughts of Modernization and the Model of "the Government-Supervised and Merchant-Run System" of Sheng Xuanhuai

【作者】 徐晨

【关键词】 盛宣怀 官督商办 洋务运动 现代化

【外文关键词】 Sheng Xuan hua the Government Supervised and Merchant Run System westernization movement modernization

【导师姓名】韩强

【学位名称】博士

【学位年度】2010

【学位授予单位】南开大学

【分类号】K256

【录入时间】2010-01-01

【全文挂接】

【摘要】革。这场改革的特点是在主观和客观上都以中国传统思维方式力图沟通传统与现代、东方与西方,而这也正是迄今中国在思想、制度和器物层面上所要面对的根本问题。但是,长期以来在历史发展的特有路径中,国人自身对洋务运动的研究与评价存在难以调适的认识张力。尤其是对“用机器兴实业”的典型即盛宣怀及其所实践的官督商办模式存在观点上的分歧。其原因在于,盛宣怀是一个复杂而矛盾的洋务运动关键人物,他不仅以施行“官督商办”而饱受争议,同时广泛参与了晚清时期的政治和经济活动。虽然他具有完整且初步的国家近代化(师西洋之新法实现中国富强)思想,并先后首创多个新式工商企业,主张通过经济改革实现国家富强,但同时也由于坚定地主张国家在近代化过程中的主导地位和作用而被质疑。通过现代化视角的审视以及将盛宣怀视作中国近代化的推动者,论文以还原历史和回归具体问题情境的方式认为盛宣怀及官督商办模式显现出洋务运动的双重意义。一方面,洋务运动的经验和教训都说明了在后发型现代化国家的现代转变中,国家居于核心的不可替代的积极作用,因此不可对传统政治及其中体西用思想作单纯的否定；另一方面,经济基础是现代化这一历史进程的最终动力源泉,在充满自发性活力的经济社会和国家层面的调适上,中国近代化思想由于多种原因存在着难以克服的思维局限和社会基础,官商之间或者说政企之间难以建立良性互动的现代化推动机制,甚至有走入误区的危险。论文通过对盛宣怀近代化思想和官督商办模式的研究,挖掘了以前较少受到关注的盛宣怀近代化思想中具有鲜明特色和时代特征的内容,将其置于洋务运动的宏观时代格局之下,进而从新的研究思路基于中国政治思想自身的发展规律对洋务运动的历史意义展开思考,深入研究洋务运动的得失,特别是从生产方式近代化和国家社会关系构建的角度对洋务运动进行新的评价。同时还以史为镜,重点分析了官督商办在中国近代社会转型中所引发的思想表现、深刻影响以及现代化转型过程中政府权力的功能和职责,以此来揭示政府与市场、企业的关系在中国思想语境下的现实意义,呈现出中国近代化思想变迁发展的一个侧面真实的面貌。

【外文摘要】The Westernization Movement during late Qing Dynasty places a core status in the course of Chinese modernization and is also a typical case to study the success and failure of that course, and it has great value in reality by propelling Chinese modernization. These are partly because that Chinese traditional thoughts and civilization fell into a crisis and a never met dilemma after the Opium War, futhermore, it because that the Westernization Movement is a reform to respond for the crisis and dilemma by thoughts, institution and implements. This reform tried to communicate the traditional and modern times, east and west civilization by Chinese traditional thoughts subjectively and objectively. It is also the basic problem which we must face for today. In a long time, there are many divergence of views about the movement, eapacialy about Sheng Xuan-huai, a famous industrialist and the model of "the Government-Supervised and Merchant-Run System". Sheng was a complicated and contradictory one in the westernization movement and he ont only was argued because "the Government-Supervised and Merchant-Run System", but also took part in the political and economic activity widely. He had a complete and initial thought of modernization, established many industrial and commercial enterprises. In the meantime, he believed in keeping the dominant position and function of government firmly.From the views of modernization and Sheng is one of the strong promoter of Chinese modernization, the paper consider the model of "the Government-Supervised and Merchant-Run System" has a kind of double-meaning. On one hand, the success and failure of the movement explained that the power of country was kernel and unsubstitute in the modern transformation of late-developing countries; on the other hand, economic base was the dynamic wellhead of the modernization and Chinese thoughts of modernization during late Qing Dynasty couldn’t overcome some limit and foundation to harmonize the dynamic economic society and the country. There was not a interactivity between the public servant and merchant. Through the study of Sheng and the model, this paper excavates Sheng’s thought of modernization which was not paid close attention to, and rethinks the historical meaning of the westernization movement, and re-evaluates the movement from the point of view about produce-model and structuring the state-society relationship positively. At the same time, this paper take the history as a mirror, studies the deep influence of the model of "the Government-Supervised and Merchant-Run System", and the fuction and obligation of government power in the modern transition, and the relationship between government, market and enterprise under the Chinese context. At the base of above, this paper presents the real feature about the thought and history of Chinese modernization.