传教士与洋务运动时期科学建制萌芽

【外文题名】Missionaries and the Sprout of Scientific Establishment during the Westernization Movement

【作者】 张哲慧

【关键词】 传教士 洋务运动 科学建制

【外文关键词】 Missionaries Westernization Movement scientific establishment

【导师姓名】张培富

【学位名称】硕士

【学位年度】2010

【学位授予单位】山西大学

【分类号】K252

【录入时间】2010-01-01

【全文挂接】

【摘要】其他学校所效仿,为中国新式学校中的科学教育起到了示范作用；在官办的新式学校中,传教士通过直接担任教习职务传播科学知识,有的传教士甚至对官办学校的科学教育具有决策权,如在京师同文馆中出任总教习一职的传教士丁韪良,由他制定的新式课表正式拉开了中国近代科学教育的帷幕。在科学出版方面,教会出版机构出版了大量由传教士译著的科学书籍,洋务运动时期最为出名的教会出版机构是益智书会和广学会；官办出版机构中,传教士与中国学者合作译著了许多科学书籍,在传播科学的同时培养了一批中国早期科学家。在这一时期,传教士主办了一批刊载科学知识的报刊,促进了中国近代科学的传播,包括林乐知主编的《万国公报》长期连载西方科学著作,傅兰雅创办的科学专刊《格致汇编》对普通民众的科学启蒙起到了重要的作用。在中文科学名词统一方面,传教士对翻译过程中的中文科学名词进行了大量的整理工作,成果最为丰厚的是益智书会,专门成立了地名人名委员会和科技术语委员会,出版了很多科学名词中西双语辞典；在中国官办出版机构——江南制造局里工作的传教士也为科学名词统一做出了很大的贡献,他们在译著科学书籍的过程中总结出了自己的科学名词统一原则,并且出版了各个学科的名词中西双语辞典；除了有组织地完成中文科学名词统一工作,还有一些传教士个人也进行了此项工作,并取得了一定的成绩。在科研机构方面,传教士在上海创办了中国本土第一个科研机构——徐家汇天文台,不仅洋务运动时期的历任台长都具备很高的科学素养,而且在天文台工作的传教士们都专心致力于科学研究,他们观测和记录的数据为中国的天文学研究提供了重要的第一手资料而且影响了中国天文学的后续发展。总之,传教士对洋务运动时期中国科学建制的萌芽起到了催化作用,也做出了巨大贡献。

【外文摘要】Initial establishment of modern science in China emerged during the Westernization Movement Period, in which the Western missionaries played an important role. The missionaries facilitated the development of science education and scientific publishing industry of China, they began the unification of scientific terms, opened the first local Chinese research institutions-Xujiahui Observatory. In the area of science education, church organizations run a large number of schools in China, some of the schools offered science courses, such as Dengzhou College, anglo-Chinese college and so on were known for their science curriculum and were emulated by other schools, these schools played an exemplary role for the new schools in China in science education. In the new government-run schools, the missionaries taught directly as a learning one post of dissemination of scientific knowledge, and some of them even had a decision-making power on science education in the government-run schools, for example, a missionary post Wiliam Alexander Parsons Martin, who was the chief directory in the Capital Tongwen School, developed new Timetable which opened the curtain of official science education in China. In the area of Scientific publishing, church publishing houses published a large number of scientific books which were translated by missionary, the most famous church publishing houses were the School and Textbook Series Committee and the Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge Among the Chinese during the Westernization Movement. In the Government-operated publishing houses, the missionary work couldn’t not be ignored, they cooperated with Chinese scholars and translated a lot of science books, they also trained some Chinese traditional scientists as well as disseminating the scientific culture. During this period, there has been a large number of newspapers and periodicals published in scientific knowledge, making science communication faster and broader, especially for" The Globe Magazine " which was edited by Young J.Allen, it began to run a series of books on Western science, another science magazine called "Pursuing compilation " was founded by John Fryer, which played an important role in the scientific enlightenment of ordinary people. In the area of the unification of scientific terms, missionaries had done a lot of work, the most successful one was the School and Textbook Series Committee. In order to carry out the work of unification of scientific terms, it set up a special committee for the names of books as well as people and other technical terminology committees, which published many bilingual dictionaries of scientific terms. In the Chinese government-run publishing houses, the missionaries in the Jiangnan Arsenal bureau made a great contribution to unity scientific terms,, they summed up its own unifying principle of scientific terminology during the process of translation of scientific books, and published bilingual dictionaries of terms in various disciplines. In addition to the completion of unification of scientific terms, there were also some people in the missionary worked individually, who have made certain achievements. In the area of scientific research institutions, missionaries founded the first research institutions in Shanghai, China-Xujiahui Observatory, the leaders served as the captain of the station possessed high scientific literacy, and the missionaries in the station were dedicating themselves to scientific research. The data they observed and recorded provided first-hand information for scientific research in China. Therefore, the missionaries had played a catalytic role for the initial scientific establishment during the Westernization Movement, their contribution was enormous.